Constructivism Social Theory of International Politics...

Constructivism Alexander Wendt in his work entitled Social Theory of International Politics (1999) explain the basic propositions of constructivism, arguing that â€Å"structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces; thus, identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature† (Palan, 2000, p. 576). As such, these shared ideas construct identities and interests. In this regard, Wendt supports Thucydides who explains how language and convention form identities and enable power to be translated into influence (Lebow 2001, 547). As a result, this means that the cultures of anarchy depends on â€Å"how [actors] construe their identity in†¦show more content†¦Risks are not seen as realities lying outside of society and culture, but as integration of meanings, logics and beliefs. Lupton describes this well when she states that â€Å"a risk is not a static, objective phenomenon , but is constantly constructed and negotiated as part of the network of social interaction and the formation of meaning† (Lupton, 1999). It is worthy to note the work of sociologist, Mary Douglas, who in her ideas of purity and contamination argues that ideas serve to set up cultural boundaries, â€Å"between individual bodies, between social groups within a community and between communities† (Lupton, 1999). There are things (e.g. different religions) that are perceived to be contaminating or polluting, and they are dangerous as they pose a threat to social order. These things are culturally specific, and used to create and maintain ideas about self and ‘Other’. Lupton points out further that in Douglas’ later writings on risk and culture, Douglas argues that the concept of risk is used by contemporary societies to maintain cultural boundaries. Lupton (1999) also discusses Douglas’s explanation of how risk acts primarily as â€Å"a locus of blame†. This means that the groups or institutions, that are considered to be risky, are viewed as dangerous or to be the source of danger. A risky ‘Other’ is seen to pose a threat to the integrity or wellbeing of an individual or his community or society. In dealing with this ‘Other’, DouglasShow MoreRelatedSocial Constructivism And Its Impact On International Relations2442 Words   |  10 PagesSocial constructivism emerged in the mid-1990s, after the end of Cold War. Although it has been seen as a young theory in International Relations, it has challenged the two dominant theories – realism and liberalism. It also provided new theoretical openings to understand the International Relations. Social constructivists tried to establish a â€Å"middle ground† between rationalism and poststructuralism. Unlike realism, social constructivism claims that material capabilities of states, such asRead MoreThe Best Case For Constructivism2765 Words   |  12 PagesMake the best case for constructivism as an epistemology in international relations. Discuss at least one constructivist w ork that you believe makes an outstanding contribution. Introduction When discussing constructivism as an epistemology in international relations (IR), it is important to note that there are many definitions, or rather, forms of constructivism in social sciences, especially when it pertains to international relations. Within the field of IR there are many constructivist scholarsRead MoreRussian Intelligence Operatives : A Personal Assessment Of The Relative Utility Of Each Theory1722 Words   |  7 Pagescase, how can Russia’s actions be explained? International relations has several theories which attempt to explain the international political world and why states or actors behave the way that they do. This essay will analyze how Realist and Constructivist theories could explain Russia’s actions and present a personal assessment of the relative utility of each theory. Realism is a theory in international relations which claims that the international system is not only decentralized, there is noRead MoreStrengths and Weaknesses of Neorealism, Neoliberalism and Constructivism1390 Words   |  6 Pagesand Constructivism Introduction Our world since its origination has been a ‘hotbed’ of activity. Activity in the sense, we humans have been showing activeness both mentally and physically, which have transformed our globe from an archaic one to an advanced one. That advancement is evident in every sphere of our life, as well as in the ‘sphere’, we live in. In addition, that advancement or development is seen in one of the important activities of the ‘sphere’, the activity of politics. WithRead MoreThe Effects Of Nuclear Weapon Development On Iran1290 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Many international relations theorists have speculated about the effects of nuclear weapon development; while some argue that weapons of mass destruction promote peace, others believe that humanity should not have the capability to cause so much destruction. This debate has been renewed by the Iran Nuclear Deal, which involves western states placing sanctions on Iran to diminish Iran’s nuclear program. I argue that, while constructivist and liberal paradigms may hold some validity,Read MoreThe World Of Modern Politics1847 Words   |  8 Pagesthe world of modern politics there are International organizations that focus of world trade to world healthcare to smaller organizations and can comprise of small countries to the world’s power house countries like Russia and the United states. These international organizations play a very large role in the global politics scale and to help understand their impact, different theories were created to help describe their overall i mpact on the global scale. Four of the main theories as are NeorealismRead MoreWhat Is Power And What Forms Can It Shape? International Relations? Essay1672 Words   |  7 Pagesanother. Moreover, power in international society has never been disturbed equally. Therefore, what is power and what forms can it shape to affect international relations? The three political theories of realism, marxism and social constructivism define power in association with the taxonomy principles of concepts. Therefore, it is the purpose of this essay to examine the taxonomy principle that form the corresponding concepts of power with the appropriate political theory, along with providing an analyticalRead MoreFeminism and Constructivism: A Comparison2645 Words   |  11 PagesThe discipline of international relations (IR) is one that has witnessed a multitude of variations and shifts. It has produced a fair amount of debate between academics within the international relations scholarship. Due to a p lethora of circumstances scholars have subjected the traditional rationalist theories of neorealism and neoliberalism to critical re-evaluations. As a result, constructivism is a concept that has emerged as an alternative approach to dominant IR theories. It focuses on theRead More A Constructivist View of North Korean Nuclear Proliferation1995 Words   |  8 Pagesthis proliferation have failed. However, it is important to understand why the United States took such active steps to stop proliferation. From a neo-realist perspective, the key force driving American foreign policy is military power. In the international state of anarchy, there are no rules governing how states act. In this scenario, power is zero sum and any attempt by one state to gain power limits the power of every other state. Therefore, when a state like North Korea attempts to build nuclearRead MorePakistan And The Nuclear Bomb : Motivations Exposed Through A Constructivist Lens1681 Words   |  7 Pagesplayer in a system of international anarchy – which is to say there is no entity superior to the state. Additionally, each state will seek to maximize its own self-interests vis-à  -vis its military and non-military political capabilities in order to ensure state survival and continuity of the governing regime. Body As Alexander Wendt said, â€Å"anarchy is what states make of it†. In order to demonstrate why Pakistan’s pursuit of becoming a nuclear weapon state is constructivism, it is vital to understand

As Times Change So Do The Practices In Each Industry. Our

As times change so do the practices in each industry. Our world is ever evolving with new resources, developments, and inventions. Technology advancements in the last 20 years have dramatically changed the resources available to human resources. Search engines and social networking sites place a plethora of information at our finger tips with just a quick search of the internet. Social media is becoming more and more integrated into our every action. People are encouraged to share real time information on social networking sites: how they are feeling, what they are doing, where they are, who they are with, interests, what they’re watching, where they’re going, the list goes on and on. Therein lies the question, with so much information†¦show more content†¦For example, during interviews employers may not ask questions regarding race, religion, sexual preferences, or marital status† (p. 568). Age, disability, and other protected characteristics such as pre gnancy or illness may also be available on social media (Radogna, 2011). All of the aforementioned information is easily accessible thanks to social media, but what should be used and what is off limits and how valuable is the information? Employers are not prohibited from learning protected class information, but they are prohibited from considering protected class information when making hiring and employment decision (Mooty, 2013). As an employer it is difficult to prove that learned information did not affect your decision, so it is best to prevent learning protected class information if possible. There have not been enough studies to concretely state the value of social media and its relevance in the hiring process. The information on social media is generally posted by the account owner or items that a â€Å"friend† tags an individual in or shares to the user’s page. To an extent the account owner can limit what is and is not available and has the responsibility to monitor and maintain that information, but does not provide tangible information on workplace performance. For the most part social media information gives you a better idea of what the candidate does in his or her personal time which opens the door to bias,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of A Nation s Industrialized Food System Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of a Nation’s Industrialized Food System Our nation’s modern industrial farming has become more than only feeding people; it has become a way for the food industry to make more money as human population continues to grow. The food industry has transformed not only how people eat, but also has had negative effect on our climate as a result of factory farming as illustrated by Anna Lappe in â€Å"The Climate Crisis at the End of Our Fork†. Jonathan Safran Foer in his book Eating Animals, illustratesRead MoreEating Animals By Jonathan Safran Foer Essay1608 Words   |  7 PagesOur nation’s industrial farming has become more than just feeding people; it has become a way for the food industry to make more money as human population continues to grow. Jonathan Safran Foer in his book Eating Animals, illustrates the effects factory farming has had on animals meant for human consumption. Furthermore, Foer asks many questions to the reader on what will it take for us to change our ways before we say enough is en ough. The questions individuals need to be asking themselves are:Read MoreAssignment Two: Human Resource Strategies of Google, Inc. Wegmans Food Markets, Inc.1530 Words   |  7 PagesFood Markets, Inc. BUS 508-Contemporary Business Alisha Ball Dr. Solomon Fakinlede Strayer University Compare and contrast the two (2) industries you have identified in terms of size, products, services, customers, economic and regulatory environment. Human resource management/ strategies refers to a various number of policies as well as practices that influence an organization significantly. It is related to employee behaviors, attitudes, as well as performance. These strategies are usedRead MoreThe World We Have: A Buddhist Approach to Peace and Ecology by Thich Nhat Hanh1025 Words   |  5 Pagesunaware about the environment. Everything in the world is related to each other. The same thing applied for human; everyone in this world is related and linked to each other like brothers and sisters. Since we all share the Earth, the water and the sun, he points out that we have to be responsible and protect the environment, because everything supports each other in order to adapt to this planet. Although his ideas to practice the mindfulness seems impossible and ridiculous to some people when theyRead MoreThe Rates Of Consumption Continue To Climb Over The Next1736 Words   |  7 Pagesthe next few decades, the environment will hit a breaking point where it cannot sustain any more activity. Society can fix some of the issues generated by the clothing industry by treating clothes as a bare necessity, not a disposable product. Another reason why tremendous amounts of clothing is disposed of in landfills during our modern era is because of the constantly changing trends in the world of fashion. The introduction of fast fashion to the market has altered the old standard of Spring/SummerRead MoreStrategic Security Guidance : Protecting Your Information And Assets900 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment is increasing in complexity. Every organization, from SMBs to Enterprise organizations, is facing dramatic changes in IT requirements to accommodate mobile access needs, such as BYOD and IoT, as well as to combat the rising tide of malware. With over half a billion personal records lost or stolen in 2015 and an average of one new zero-day vulnerability discovered each week, the demands on IT security groups have never been higher. Along with the increasing demands on IT staff, comesRead MoreNew Electronic Health Record ( Ehr ) That Can Better Support Future Patient And Healthcare Needs1284 Words   |  6 Pageshealthcare industry, urgent care organizations are often viewed by many as a disruptor in health care. This provides an impactful advantage for the urgent care industry, meaning it is an upstart that is changing the status quo by allowing patients to access care at the time and place they choose (Kulin, 2015). In the book,Where Does It Hurt? An Entrepreneur’s Guid to Fixing Health Care (Bush Baker, 2014), reported a few stark stats that leadership presented to investors as to why our organizationRead MoreEssay about Building the Future of Health Care1097 Words   |  5 PagesBuilding the Future of Health Care â€Å"Building the Future of Health Care on the Foundations of Family Practice† is an excellent article that individuals in the health care profession should read. Although, this article is geared towards Family Practice the concept within this article can be applied to any scope of practice. After reading this article, I will be discussing the following three points: my reaction to the concept of the article, what positive out comes could be obtained by incorporatingRead MoreHealthcare Industry Paper1247 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Care Industry Paper HCS 449: Health Administration Capstone Introduction In this paper I will be speaking on the Health Care Industry and how it has changed over the years. 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Sensitive Liquid Chromatography Tandem †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discusss about the Sensitive Liquid Chromatography Tandem. Answer: Introduction: Galactosemia is a genetic disease which inhibits the systemic break down of galactose in body. It occurs due to the absence of the three enzymes namely Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT),Galactokinase (GALK) and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (GALE) (1). Of the three variants, the clinical galactosemia is the most alarming one. These enzymes are essential for breaking down glucose or galactose in the body. Increased amount of galactose in the body could have severe consequences on the health of the patients such as liver diseases, cataracts, brain damage or even death. The symptoms of the diseases could be seen in the initial days of the birth of a new born baby itself. This disease is curable with consuming diet free of galactose and lactose. However, it can cause nutritional deficiency with so many restrictions imposed on the food. These sugars are present in many foods, so as soon as the disease is identified, dieticians or nutritionists recommend a special diet to balance out the deficiency. In the meanwhile, regular blood tests keep the metabolite levels under check. But it requires many tests to examine the speech, vision, neurological, brain, liver and other body parts to monitor the progress of the disease in the body. Galactosemia is a rare genetic disease and its incidence rate varies across the world. The incidence rate varies from 1:19,000 to 1:44,000 in Europe and the US (2). However, in Asians, the disease is seen to be very uncommon while Irish people tend to have the maximum number of cases of the same. Genetic Mutation Researchers have identified various types of the disease depending on the mutation of the gene in question. These have been explained in an elaborate manner below: Classicgalactosemia or Type 1: This is probably the most common and severe version of the disease. If suffering infants arent put on a low-galactose diet promptly, there are fair chances of death within a couple of days after the birth. The symptoms include lethargy, feeding difficulties, no weight gain, jaundice, liver damage, and abnormal bleeding, bacterial infections, and shock (3). Such patients could potentially be under increased risk of speech and vision difficulties. Female patients are likely to face complications during reproduction. In this type, the erythrocyte GALT enzyme activity is very low or completely absent, but the galactose and erythrocyte galactose-1-phosphate levels are increased and hence the patients succumb to the increased risk of diagnosed with fatal E. coli sepsis and other long complications. Hence in this case, patients need immediate medical supervision before the situation worsens. Nevertheless, the patient must be put on strict diet. I Galactokinase deficiency or Type 2: It occurs due to the absence of galactose kinase. Herein, the health complications are comparatively less than the type 1. The suffering infants may get affected by cataract but are likely to avert long term severe health complications (3). Nevertheless, the patients need to be examined before confirming as incidence of this is pretty low. Type 3: It occurs due to the absence of UDP-galactose 4-epimerase enzyme. It is very rare and can be categorized in generalized form and milder peripheral form (4). If left untreated, the sufferers of the generalized form are likely to develop cataracts during the first few months of life and may fall victim to liver, kidney and brain damage in long term (5). Clinical Symptoms Medical practitioners have long been observing the clinical symptoms amongst the victims around the world. A suffering infant would suffer from vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, jaundice, and liver damage, blood infection and in long term, it may demonstrate poor development, hepatomegaly, and cataracts (6). These long term health complications could potentially impact the day to day life of the victims. For instance, it could impact the neurological development, or could cause death if not given medical attention. If left untreated or diet containing galactose is continuously fed during the first few days of the infant, it could threaten the survival chances of the infant. The affected infants, even at the age of one to two weeks, can succumb to the disease owing to severe escherichia (E. coli) bacteria infections. The American Liver Foundation is of the view that all the affected infants who are diagnosed with jaundice must be examined for galactosemia. The disease has poor prognosis with symptoms showing up in the first few after the birth of an infant. Though the acute symptoms are well handled after a diet free of lactose and galactose is started, many sufferers despite of the severity level of the disease during the initial days after the birth (6), continue to linger on with multiple complications such as speech difficulties, intellectual deficit, neurological issues and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism in females (7). Infants are recommended soy formula. Newborn metabolic screening (NBS) helps in identifying galactosemia in advance (1). However, this screening only detects patients with GALT enzyme activity of less than 15%. Even though the NBS averts the severity of the disease and death, there is no major impact on the long term health issues. Owing to insufficient evidence supporting the NBS, researchers are reluctant to confirm it as the most suitable tool for the disease (8). Ever since the emergence of the newborn screening (NBS) for galactosemia, many infants have been timely identified with the disease. Even after knowing positive NBS, doctors have to ascertain the exact nature of the variant of GALT deficiency. Of all, classic galactosemia is a serious case and needs prompt medical attention. Hitherto, more than 230 GALT gene mutations have been found worldwide. However, a significant proportion of the positive NBS comes in case of the Duarte biochemical variant condition. Many clinicians are of the view that Duarte variant galactosemia does not confirm the presence of the disease irrespective of the dietary intervention. Nevertheless, medical supervision is required and multiple tests must be conducted to confirm the nature of the variant. Aside from the NBS, other commonly used method is to determine the activity of GALT enzyme activity in red blood cells (RBC), and further confirmed through GALT genetic analysis (9). Most of the medical labs use radioactive assays to measure enzyme activity but it isnt capable to measuring low activity (10). As measuring the GALT activity in RBC is not reliable after blood transfusion, genetic analysis in lymphocytes is recommended. There are other diagnostic methods to measure blood galactose, RBC Gal-1-P, and/or urinary galactitol before the final diagnosis is made (9). Nutritional Management Most infants are advised to go on a diet free of lactose or galactose as soon as they are diagnosed with the disease. Hence breastfeeding is replaced with soy-based formula (11). For the later stage, food free of galactose must be fed to the infants. There is as such no restriction on other fruits and vegetables. However, the patients have to be careful about nutrient intake as products replacing milk are not sufficient to meet the nutritional requirement of the body. Some patients are put on elemental formulas but they are expensive than soy formula, and neither do they provide an exclusive benefit over soy diet. There is significant variation in the level of restrictions imposed on the applicable consumption of lactose and galactose. Hence doctors put the patients on strict diet to avoid intake of the galactose or lactose. Academic studies have indicated that small proportion of intake of such products may not do much harm. Galactose content is reported to be very meagre or negligible in some cheeses such as Emmentaler cheese from Europe and North America. They are a good source of calcium and hence most of the doctors encourage aged cheese in the diet of such patients (12). There is ongoing debate across the medical fraternity in regards of lifting strict restriction on certain safe galactose products as the patients age as it may actually harm instead of curing the disease. Conclusion Galactosemia is a rare disease which alters the normal tendency of the body to process sugar. The affected infants typically show less energy, vomiting, diarrhea, slow growth, jaundice, liver issues, and many more health complications. The disease has to be diagnosed during the initial couple of days after the birth of the baby through metabolic screening. The patients are advised to consume diet free of lactose or galactose to avoid health complications. However, there are growing concerns over nutritional deficiency given the stern restriction on food. Infants are advised soy formula or elemental formula but there are other things recommended such as old cheese to balance the nutritional level. However, the proportion of lactose varies in food products across different countries. Given that patients can become nutrition deficient, some fruits, vegetables, unfermented soy-based products, legumes, and mature cheese must be allowed. However, medical practitioners must be consulted bef ore deciding on the total nutritional value. Clinically, there is no fixed solution for nutrient management. Galactosemia patients are under long term health complications, especially brain damage. In such cases, doctors must go for examining patients for developmental quotient (DQ) and intellectual quotient (IQ) in order to monitor the growth or deterioration of the disease. Likewise, clinical assessment Management to examine the speech and vision must be scheduled in a proper way to verify the executive functioning of the body. For instance, affected children must be examined after a gap of a few years to monitor the impact of disease on the patient. Doctors must examine patients for their neurological health ever since the age of 2 or 3. There is dire need to for academicians to dig deeper to understand the disease better and figure out more solutions for the affected patients. References Serafinceanu N, Cucu IC, Serafinceanu C. Galactosemia: diagnosis and treatment. Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases. 2012 Jun 1;19(2):215-8. Coss KP, Doran PP, Owoeye C et al. Classical Galactosaemia in Ireland: incidence, complications and outcomes of treatment. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2012. 36:217. National Institute of Health (NIH). N.d . Retrieved from https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/galactosemia#statistics Timson DJ. The structural and molecular biology of type III galactosemia. IUBMB life. 2006 Feb 1;58(2):83-9. Wohlers, T M, Christacos, N C, Harreman, M T, and FridovichKeil, J L. Identification and characterization of a mutation, in the human UDP-galactose-4-epimerase gene, associated with generalized epimerase-deficiency galactosemia. Am. J. Hum. Genet.1999. 64, 462 470. Hughes J, Ryan S, Lambert D et al. Outcomes of siblings with classical galactosemia. J Pediatr . 2009. 154:721726 Kaufman FR, Reichardt JK, Ng WG et al. Correlation of cognitive, neurologic, and ovarian outcome with the Q188R mutation of the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase gene. J Pediatr. 1994. 125:2257 Varela-Lema L, Paz-Valinas L, Atienza-Merino G et al. Appropriateness of newborn screening for classic galactosaemia: a systematic review. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2016. 1 17. Welling L, Bernstein LE, Berry GT, Burlina AB, Eyskens F, Gautschi M, Grnewald S, Gubbels CS, Knerr I, Labrune P, van der Lee JH. International clinical guideline for the management of classical galactosemia: diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Journal of inherited metabolic disease. 2017 Mar 1;40(2):171-6. Li Y, Ptolemy AS, Harmonay L et al. Ultra fast and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based assay for galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase and galactokinase deficiencies. Mol Genet Metab. 2011. 102:3340. Jumbo-Lucioni PP, Garber K, Kiel J et al. Diversity of approaches to classic galactosemia around the world: a comparison of diagnosis, intervention, and outcomes. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2012. 35:103749. Portnoi PA, MacDonald A. Determination of the lactose and galactose content of cheese for use in the galactosaemia diet. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2009. 22:400408